RESEARCH
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4D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
[3D Printing + Memory Materials = 4D printing]
Four-dimensional printing (4D printing) takes 3D printing to the next level. It uses the same techniques to build objects layer by layer, but with a twist: the printed objects can transform themselves over time. This ability to change shape in response to environmental stimuli is what makes 4D printing so unique.
HOW IT WORKS
HOW IT WORKS
Printing: A 4D object is created using 3D printing techniques, but with special materials that can respond to changes in their environment.
Stimuli: These materials can react to various stimuli, such as temperature, humidity, light, or even electrical signals.
Shape Change: When exposed to these stimuli, the materials change their properties, causing the object to morph into a new shape.
METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
[Direct Metal Laser Sintering]
Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), also known as selective laser sintering (SLS), is a revolutionary technology that's transforming the way we manufacture metal parts. It's not just for rapid prototyping anymore; DMLS is pushing the boundaries of both prototyping and mass production.DMLS is a rapidly evolving technology with immense potential. From crafting aerospace components to printing medical implants, DMLS is redefining how we design and manufacture complex and high-performance metal parts.
MATERIAL EXTRUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)/Liquid Deposition Modeling (LDM)/Pallet Extrusion
Material Extrusion 3D printing technology uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material, or polymer pallets or fluid/ liquid as a base material. If it is a filament, then it is fed from a coil, if it is fluid then it is fed by a plunger through a moving heated/ nonheated printer extruder head, often abbreviated as an extruder or injector. The molten material is forced out of the extruder's nozzle and is deposited first onto a 3D printing platform, which can be heated for extra adhesion. Once the first layer is completed, the extruder and the platform are parted away in one step, and the second layer can then be directly deposited onto the growing workpiece. The extruder head is moved under computer control. At least three axes are required for the extruder to move in Cartesian architectures, but polar and delta systems are also becoming increasingly popular. One layer is deposited on top of a previous layer until the object’s fabrication is complete.
Material Extrusion 3D printing technology uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material, or polymer pallets or fluid/ liquid as a base material. If it is a filament, then it is fed from a coil, if it is fluid then it is fed by a plunger through a moving heated/ nonheated printer extruder head, often abbreviated as an extruder or injector. The molten material is forced out of the extruder's nozzle and is deposited first onto a 3D printing platform, which can be heated for extra adhesion. Once the first layer is completed, the extruder and the platform are parted away in one step, and the second layer can then be directly deposited onto the growing workpiece. The extruder head is moved under computer control. At least three axes are required for the extruder to move in Cartesian architectures, but polar and delta systems are also becoming increasingly popular. One layer is deposited on top of a previous layer until the object’s fabrication is complete.
MICRO/NANO ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
[Two Photon Polymerization]
A Story of Two Worlds: Atoms and MicroscopesThe fascinating story of two-photon 3D laser micro/nano printing begins in 1931, with a brilliant vision. Back then, a future Nobel laureate named Maria Göppert-Mayer proposed the theory of two-photon absorption in atoms. It took decades for this theoretical concept to become reality, first through experimental confirmation and later through its application in life sciences via two-photon induced fluorescence microscopy.From Microscopes to Microfabrication: A Leap into 3D PrintingWhile two-photon absorption was illuminating the microscopic world, another revolution was brewing. In 1997, Shoji Maruo and his team at Osaka University, Japan, unlocked a groundbreaking use of this phenomenon: 3D microfabrication. They harnessed the precision of focused laser light to solidify photopolymers, paving the way for a new era of micro and nano-scale 3D printing.Two-Photon Printing: A Microscopic MarvelTwo-photon 3D laser micro/nano printing, as the name suggests, is like a miniature version of the 3D printing trend sweeping the world. But instead of building objects on the macroscale, this technology creates intricate structures at the micro and nano-scale, smaller than the width of a human hair!
I am the master of my failure. If I never fail, how will I ever learn.
Sir C.V. Raman
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